North Kalimantan, Indonesia
IndonesiaDescription
The establishment through Law No. 20 of 2012 dated November 16, 2012, the province of North Kalimantan is the youngest and the northernmost province in Kalimantan, which has a land area of 75,467.70 km2 and a population of 666,333. The province has one large city (Tarakan) and is divided into four districts: Nunukan, Malinau, Tana Tidung and Bulungan. The province has a population growth rate of 3.8% and population density of 8.83 persons / km2 (BPS Katara, 2017). The capital of North Kalimantan Province is located in Tanjung Selor, in Bulungan District.
North Kalimantan Province lies in a position between 114ᵒ35’22 “- 118ᵒ03’00” East Longitude and between 1ᵒ21’36 “- 4ᵒ24’55” North Latitude. Administratively, the province of North Kalimantan is bordered to the North by Malaysia (Sabah), to the east by the Sulawesi sea, to the south by East Kalimantan province, and the west by Malaysia (Sarawak).
Geographicall the province of North Borneo is strategically located along one of Indonesia’s major shipping routes, linking with maritime routes to Malaysia, the Philippines, Brunei Darussalam, Singapore and other Asia Pacific countries. This strategic location gives the province opportunities to develop economically through export-import activities with other countries in the region.
Land use in North Kalimantan Province is dominated by forests, with an area of 6,440,254 ha or about 90.06% of the total area. The agricultural area is spread around 1.55% or 110,751 ha from the total area. State forest land use dominates across districts, but most are in the Malinau District. The geographical condition of the province, which is dominated by mountains and hills with a steep slope, is mostly used as a protected forest. The use of settlement land is only 19,090 Ha or 0.27% of the total area of the province, with the highest settlement land in Nunukan District.
Forests have three main functions, namely protection functions, conservation, and production functions. State forests are set by the government through Law no. 41 of 1999 on Forestry based on the three main functions as Hutan Lindung (HL), Conservation Forest (HK) which is divided into Natural Conservation Area (KSA) and Nature Conservation Area (KPA), and Production Forest which is divided into Permanent Production Forest ), Limited Production Forest (HPT), and Conversion Production Forest (HPK).
More information can be found on the GCF Impact Platform.
Summary
Demographics
Urban vs. Rural Population
| Category | % | |
|---|---|---|
| Rural | 69.20 | |
| Urban | 30.80 |
Ethnic Groups
| Group | % | |
|---|---|---|
| Javanese | 35.00 | |
| Bugis | 23.00 | |
| Dayak | 17.00 | |
| Banjarese | 14.00 | |
| Kutai | 9.00 | |
| Other | 2.00 |
Economy
GDP Breakdown
| Category | % | |
|---|---|---|
| Trade, Hotel & Restaurant | 27.00 | |
| Transport & Communication | 13.40 | |
| Construction | 13.20 | |
| Agriculture, Livestock, Forestry & Fisheries | 12.20 | |
| Mining & Quarrying | 11.59 | |
| Processing Industry | 11.40 | |
| Services | 11.21 |
Forest Status
Major Vegetation Types
| Category | km² | |
|---|---|---|
| Primary Dry Forest | 40,466 | |
| Secondary Dryland Forests | 16,466 | |
| Secondary Swamp Forest | 2,627 | |
| Agriculture Dry land mixed | 2,260 | |
| Shrubs | 1,893 | |
| Secondary Mangrove Forest | 1,579 | |
| Tambak | 1,335 | |
| Rice fields | 171 | |
| Plantation | 98 | |
| Swamp | 74 | |
| Settlement | 51 | |
| Primary Swamp Forest | 13 |
Forest Management
| Category | km² | |
|---|---|---|
| Limited Production Forest | 22,726 | |
| Non-Forest Area - Others | 13,639 | |
| Protected forest | 10,652 | |
| Production Forest | 10,512 | |
| Convertible production forest | 535 |
Drivers of Deforestation
There are a diversity of drivers of deforestation in N Kalimantan, the majority of which are caused by human activities. Deforestation is widely caused by land conversion either for settlements or plantations. Often the clearing forested land is related to the development of plantation industry, mining, traditional farming by the community etc. Based on research (Cifor, The 3rd Asia-Pacific Rainforest Summit Live 2016) the leading cause of deforestation is the development of plantation industry and forest and land fires.
Deforestation Rates
Notes
| a. | Due to different methodological approaches and base years, Forest Status data fields may differ slightly. Data sources for each field are listed below. |
Sources
| 1. | BPS 2017 |
| 2. | 1973 |
| 3. | Ministry of Environment and Forestry 2018 |
| 4. | Draft RPJMD Provinsi Kalimantan Utara tahun 2016-2021 |
| 5. | Draft RPJMD Provinsi Kalimantan Utara 2016-2021 |
| 6. | Cifor, The 3rd Asia-Pacific Rainforest Summit Live 2016 |
Overview of Forest Monitoring and Measurement Systems
The National Forest Monitoring System (Simontana) in Indonesia is an accurate, transparent and up-to-date provider of national forestry data. It also supports monitoring of Indonesia’s Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) as it relates to the baseline forest reference emission level (FREL). The main advantage of this system is the availability of national land cover data that has been mapped since 1990 until the last update.
To ensure consistency, North Kalimantan province always refers to the data produced by the national monitoring system.
Reference Levels and Targets
Deforestation Rates
Sources
| 1. | Rio Branco Declaration based on national FREL |
| 2. | Ministry of Environment and Forestry 2018 |
Laws, Policies & Strategies
Policies and Strategies
Long Term Development Plan of the Provinces of North Kalimantan in 2005-2025 – Established with the Vision “Realization of North Kalimantan province as the Frontier Being the Homeland Advanced Home Forward, prosperous, cultured, Just and Civilized”
Medium Term Development Plan of the Province of North Kalimantan in 2016 – 2021 (RPJMD) – in accordance with the elected Vice Governor and Vice Governor’s Vision “Combined in Pluralism to Create Self-Reliance 2020, Safe and Peaceful, Supported by a Clean and Strong Government” .
Laws and Regulations
Law no. 20 of 2012 – On the Establishment of North Kalimantan Province: Formally establishes North Kalimantan Province which is an expansion of East Kalimantan Province, consisting of 4 (four) districts and 1 (one) city, namely Bulungan District, Tarakan City, Malinau District, Nunukan Regency, and Tana Tidung Regency. North Kalimantan Province has a total area of ± 75,467.70 km2 with a population of ± 622,350 people in 2011 and consists of 38 (thirty eight) sub-districts and 471 (four hundred seventy one) villages / kelurahan.
Institutional Framework
North Kalimantans institutional framework was established through Local Regulation no. 5 of 2016 on the Establishment and Composition of North Kalimantan Provincial Government. Key agencies include:
Department of Agricultural Services and Food Security – organizes government affairs in agriculture and government affairs in the field of food security.
Environmental Agency – the agency that organizes the environmental affairs of the government.
Community and Village Empowerment Office – agency that carries out government affairs in the field of community and village empowerment.
Marine and Fisheries Service Office- agency that organizes government affairs in the field of marine and fisheries.
Forestry Service – the agency that administers government affairs of the field forestry.
Office of Energy and Mineral Resources – the agency that administers government affairs in the field of energy and mineral resources
Regional Development Planning Agency – a body that performs supporting functions in the field of planning and supporting functions in the field of research and development.
Zoning & Spatial Planning
Passed through Local Regulation no. 1 year 2017 on the Regional Spatial Plan of North Kalimantan Province in 2017 – 2037, where the objective of spatial planning of the Province of North Kalimantan is to realize the welfare of society equally and sustainably according to physio-geographic potential of North Kalimantan Province including agriculture, plantation, forestry and fishery centers. More on the spatial plan can be found here.
Engagement & Participation with Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities
Local communities and indigenous peoples around or inside the forest area have local wisdom in managing their forest resources. They have for generations been managing forests with rules that pay attention to aspects of environmental sustainability. By farming with traditional knowledge they have been able to maintain the sustainability of their forests.
Community involvement in forest management has actually been accommodated in Forestry Law No. 41/1999 but the rights of management by the community in the field have not been fully provided. By Decision of the Constitutional Court Number 35 Year 2012, customary forests were no longer designated as state land. To implement this court ruling, the regions are obliged to make local regulations on indigenous peoples, as the basis of the central government to issue customary forests claimed by communities from state forests. In order to support the policy, the Ministry of Environment and Forestry has also issued a Letter of the Minister of Environment dated 5 April 2017 regarding information on the process of establishing customary forest, as a direction to the community.
Based on PermenLHK Number 23 of 2015 on Right Forests, customary forest is a forest within the customary law community. And in article 6 mentioned the determination of customary forests must meet three conditions, one of which the existence of customary law community or hak ulayat that has been recognized by local government through the product of local law.
The current condition of the 4 districts in North Kalimantan Province, the three districts of Bulungan, Malinau and Nunukan have had a Local Regulation (Perda) which regulates the customary law community. In Bulungan throught Local Regulation No. 12 of 2016 on the Implementation of the Protection of Indigenous People’s Protection; in Malinau through Local Regulation No. 10 of 2012 on the Recognition and Protection of Malinau Customary Rights; and in Nunukan through Local Regulation No. 4 of 2004 on Indigenous Peoples Rights of Lundayeh Customary Law. However, only one customary area — Punan Adiu Malinau Adat Forest — has been confirmed by the head of the district.
The provincial government seeks to empower communities, and in particular forest-dependent communities, through agencies that support community-based forestry development programs. This is intended as a solution for people who have already engaged in cultivating agriculture in forest areas. Through community forestry programs within the forest area, there are legal opportunities and access through the Hkm scheme, Village Forest, Community Plantation Forest, HPHD and Indigenous Forest.
Local Regulation no. 1 year 2017 on the Regional Spatial Plan of North Kalimantan Province in 2017 – 2037 where the province accommodates indigenous peoples through three land designations: protected area, cultivation area and custom forest area.
Partnerships and Ongoing Initiatives
Development of hydropower between the provincial Government of North Kalimantan and PT. Kayan Hydro Energi Kayan Hydro Energy
- Description
-
Availability of Electricity of 6,080 MW for environmentally friendly North Kalimantan c and East Kalimantan communities.
- Partners
- PT. Kayan Hydro Energi asal China Kayan Hydro Energy from China
- Funding Source
- PT. Kayan Hydro Energi asal China Kayan Hydro Energy from China
- Funding Amount
- Rp. 15.6 trillion
- Initiative Type
- Public Investment
- Initiative Status
- Memorandum of Understanding
Forest and Climate Changes Programme
- Description
-
The programme’s overall objective is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the forest sector while improving the livelihoods of Indonesia’s poor rural communities. To achieve this goal, the programme team will assist the Indonesian government to design and implement legal, policy and institutional reforms for the conservation and sustainable management of forests, at local, provincial and national level. Support to REDD+ demonstration activities is a key feature of the programme, providing decision-makers with experience of how REDD+ can be implemented “on the ground”
FORCLIME’s Assistance
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Advice on strategy development for REDD+ and forest development at national, provincial and district levels
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Technical advice on a framework for the implementation of REDD+ demonstration activities at various levels, including participatory land use planning and forest zoning
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Innovative design of mechanisms and regulations for district-based REDD+ initiatives
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Facilitation of monitoring, reporting and verification
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Support to forestry administration reform processes such as the establishment of forest management units and related monitoring and inspectorate systems
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Support to nature conservation and benefit sharing within the Heart of Borneo (HoB) Initiative
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Development of payment for environmental services schemes to support sustainable livelihoods in rural areas
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Capacity building for sustainable forest management and nature conservation
Financial Cooperation (FC)
The government of Germany commissioned KfW for financial and GIZ for technical support of FORCLIME. REDD demonstration activities financed by KfW are – together with other initiatives (i.e. AusAID; TNC; WWF) – among the first REDD “on the ground projects” in Indonesia (and worldwide). The REDD pilots are meant to demonstrate that local development, sustainable forest management, biodiversity conservation and climate protection go hand-in-hand.
Technical Cooperation (TC)
GIZ works with the Ministry of Environment and Forestry on national policy and sector strategies, to gear these strategies towards the requirements of emission reductions. Effective stakeholder participation is a critical success factor in all planning and strategy development processes.
-
- Partners
- GIZ Forclime, KFW, Ministry of Enviroment and Forestry
- Initiative Type
- Donor-Supported Programs
- Initiative Status
- Under implementation
Rural Development – villages around the forest in the Kayan Mentarang National Park area becomes a Climate Village Program (Proklim)
- Description
-
Creation of Climate Camp Program (Proklim) in order to support LHK Ministry Program.
The issue of Climate Change has become a real environmental phenomenon and is recognized as one of the greatest threats to human life.The Ministry of Environment and Forestry has made a policy in the form of Kampung Climate Program (Proklim).Proklim is a national scheme program to encourage the active participation of communities and all parties in implementing local actions to improve resilience to climate change impacts and reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.North Kalimantan plans to foster villages around Kayan Mentarang National Park as a Kampung Kampan Climate Program with a target of 20 villages / villages in collaboration with donors from abroad.
- Partners
- Ministry of Environment and Forestry
- Initiative Type
- Emissions Reduction Program (REDD +)
- Initiative Status
- Planning Phase
SETAPAK (Improving Forest and Land Governance)
- Description
-
Funded by the United Kingdom’s Climate Change Unit – The British Embassy, the Asia Foundation’s environmental governance (SETAPAK) program is focused on improving forest and land governance in Indonesia. Good forest and land governance will allow Indonesia’s decentralized governance to ensure transparency and accountability in the management, protection and distribution of benefits from natural resources to achieve pro-poor sustainable growth.
Improving land governance to protect forests and communities in Indonesia
SETAPAK has been working to improve forest and land governance in Indonesia since 2011. The program promotes good forest and land governance in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and ensure that the benefits of natural resources are distributed sustainably and equitably.
Indonesia hosts the world’s third largest area of tropical rainforest, which is being destroyed at a rate of 8,400 square kilometres annually. Indonesia’s peatlands are also a vital resource, yet approximately 120,000 square kilometres have been disturbed, in some places irreparably. These changes are responsible for 80 percent of Indonesia’s greenhouse gas emissions, which are the third highest in the world. They also increase the risk of natural disasters such as floods, harm animal and plant life, reduce state revenues, cause land conflict, and affect livelihoods detrimentally.
These issues are critical for Indonesia and the world. To ensure that our responses are strategic, efficient and coordinated, SETAPAK works to promote good forest and land governance in Indonesia.
- Partners
- The Asia Foundation, PLH Nunukan, Lalinka foundation, SAMPAN Kalimantan, AMAN Kalbar, LBBT, Perkumpulan Pancur Kasih, Elpagar and JARI Borneo Barat
- Initiative Type
- Donor-Supported Programs; Environmental Governance Program
- Initiative Status
- Under implementation
Shared Resources – Joint Solutions (SRJS)
- Description
-
Shared Resources – Joint Solutions (SRJS) is a 5-year strategic partnership between IUCN NL, WWF Netherlands and the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Together with over 50 NGOs and civil society organisations in 16 low- and middle-income countries and international partners, we aim to safeguard healthy, biodiverse ecosystems in order to protect climate resilience, the water supply and food security. We do so by strengthening our joint capacities to increase our influence in multi-stakeholder partnerships with governments and businesses. Together, we are working to strengthen our leverage in successfully advocating for inclusive and green development.
Within the SRJS Initiative, measures were planned to enable civil society organisations (CSOs) with improved understanding and capacity to lobby, advice and interact with businesses and governments on transparency and compliance with environmental standards and laws. The IUCN Environmental Law Centre supports the SRJS initiative to strengthen and support CSOs in environmental lawyering through a mix of tools, including webinars, Massive Open Online Course (MOOC), and workshops.
The program in Indonesia runs on three landscapes, namely Aceh, Papua and North Kalimantan. In North Kalimantan this program focused in Bulungan.
- Partners
- IUCN NL, Sawit Watch, Yayasan Padi Indonesia
- Initiative Type
- Donor-Supported Programs
- Initiative Status
- Under implementation